翻译一下英语~~

1. 翻译一下英语~~

▲公司债券：公司债券是一种非上市公司直接向公众借入资金的方式。
——  一旦公司破产，担保债券由特定的资产作保证。
——  无担保债券，又叫作信用债券，无需抵押物。
——  一旦公司破产，次级债务对公司的资产有较低的优先受偿权。
——  可赎回债券允许公司从持有者手中以特定的赎回价格回购债券。
——  可转换债券允许投资者有权把手上的债券转换成规定数量的公司股票。

人工翻译真心伤不起呀，求采纳！！

2. 什么是财会术语表?

财会术语表 A Accelerated methods of depreciation 加速折旧法 Accounting equation 会计等式 Accounting period 会计期间 Accounts payable 应付账款 Accounts payable turnover 应付账款周转 Accounts receivable 应收账款 Accounts receivable turnover 应收账款周转 Accrual accounting 权责发生制会计 Accruals 应计项目 Accrued payables 应付款项 Accumulated depreciation 累计折旧 Activity method 作业方法 Activity ratios 作业比率 Actuary 精算师,精算 Additional paid-in capital 资本公积 Aging schedule 账龄分析表 Allowance method 备抵法 Amortization 摊销 Analytic review 分析性复核 Annual report 年报 Annuity 年金 Appropriation of retained earnings 留存收益分配 Asset 资产 Asset depreciation range (ADR) 资产折旧范围 Asset impairment 资产清理 Asset retirement 资产报废 Asset turnover 资产周转率 Audit 审计 Audit committee 审计委员会 Audit opinion 审计意见 Audit report 审计报告 Authorized shares 授权股本，注册股份 Available-for-sale securities 短期投资 B Bad debts 坏账 Balance sheet 资产负债表 Bank reconciliation 银行对账单 Basic earnings per share 基本每股盈利 Betterment 改良 "Big 5"五大会计师事务所 board of directors 董事会 bond 债券契约 bonds payable 应付债券 book gain/loss 账面收益/损失 book value 账面价值 borrowing capacity 融资能力 business acquisition 企业兼并 business combination 企业合并 business segment 企业内部责任单位 C Call provision 提前赎回条款 Capital 资产 Capital lease 资本租赁 Capital structure 资本结构 Capital structure leverage 资本结构杠杆 Capitalization ratios 资本比率 Capitalize 资本化 Cash discount 现金折扣 Cash equivalent 现金等价物 Cash flow 现金流 Cash flow accounting 现金流量法会计 Cash flow from financing 筹资产生的现金流量 Cash flow from investing 投资产生的现金流量 Cash flow from operations 经营产生的现金流量 Cash flow projection 现金项目 Cash management 现金管理 Certificate of deposit 存款单 Certified public accountant 注册会计师 Classified balance sheet 分类资产负债闭 Clean audit opinion 无保留意见 Collateral 抵押品， 担保品 Collection period 商业票据 Common earnings leverage 普通收入杠杆 Common stock 普通股 Common-size financial statements Compensating balance 抵销余额 Conservatism 稳健 Consignment 寄销品 Consistency 连续性 Consolidated financial statements 合并财务报表 Contingency 或有事项 Contingent liability 或有负债 Contra account 对销账户 Contributed capital 实缴资本 Controlling interest 控股权益 Convertible bonds 可转换债券 Copyright 版权 Corporation 公司 Cost 成本 Cost expiration 成本耗用 Cost method 成本法 Cost of capital 资金成本 Cost of goods sold 销货成本 Covenant 契约 CPA certified public accountant 注册会计师 Credit quality 信用程度 Credit rating 信用评级 Credit terms 信用条件 Creditor 债权人 Cumulative preferred stock 累积优先股 Current assets 流动资产 Current cost 现行成本 Current liabilities 流动负债 Current maturity of long-term debts 即将到期的长期负债 Current ratio 流动比率 D Debenture 债券 Debt 债务 Debt covenant 债务契约 Debt investment 债权性投资 Debt ratio 负债比率 Debt redemptions 债务清偿 Debt/equity ratio 负债/权益比率 Default 违约 Deferred cost 递延成本 Deferred income 递延收益 Deferred income taxes 递延所得税 Deferred revenue 递延收入 Defined benefit pension plan 即定收益养老金方案 Defined contribution pension plan 即定供款养老金方案 Depletion 折耗 Depreciation 折旧 Depreciation base 折旧系数 Depreciation expense 折旧费用 Diluted earnings per share 摊薄后每股盈利 Dilution 摊薄 Dilutive securities 摊薄证券 Direct method 直线法 Direct write-off method 直接注销法 Discount on bond payable 应付债券折价 Discount rate 贴现率，折扣率 Divestiture 风险 Dividend yield 股息率 Dividends 股息 Dividends in arrears 应付股利 Double taxation 双重征税 Double-declining-balance method 双倍余额递减法 DuPont Model 杜邦体系 E Earning power 盈利能力 Earnings 盈利 Earnings per share 每股利润 Earning quality 收益质量 Economic entity assumption 经济个体假定 Economic value added 经济价值增加 Effective interest method 实际利息法 Effective interest rate 实际利率 Equity 所有者权益 Equity investment 权益投资 Equity issuance 发行股票 Equity method 权益法 Equity security 股本证券 Escrow 代管 Exchange rate 汇率 Expense 费用 External financing 外部融资 Extraordinary item 非经常项目 F Face value 面值 Fair market value 公允市价 Financial accounting 财务会计 Financial accounting standards 财务会计 Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计标准委员会 Financial condition 财务状况 Financial flexibility 财务弹性 Financial performance 财务业绩 Financial ratio analysis 财务比率分析 Financial statement analysis 财务报表分析 Financial statements 财务报表 Financing activities 融资活动 First-in, first-out 先进先出法 Fiscal period assumption 会计期假设 Fiscal year 会计年度 Fixed asset turnover 固定资产周转 Fixed assets 固定资产 FOB destination 离岸货价 FOB shipping point 起运点交货 Footnotes 附注 Forward contract 期货合同 Freight-in 运费已付 Frequent transactions 经常性交易 G Gain contingency 或有收益 Generally accepted accounting principles一般会计原则 Going concern 持续经营 Goods in transit 在途商品 Goodwill 商誉 Government accounting 政府会计 Gross margin 毛利，边际贡献 Gross profit 毛利 H Hedging 套期保值 Hidden reserves 秘密准备 Historical cost 历史成本 Human capital 人力资源 Human resources 人力资源 Hurdle rate 利率下限 Hybrid security 混合证券 I Income 收益 Income statement 损益表 Independent auditor 独立审计 Indirect method 间接法 Industry 行业 Inflation 通货膨胀 Input market 投入市场 Installment obligation 分期付款 Intangible asset 无形资产 Interest 利息 Interest coverage ratio 利息保障比率 Interest-bearing obligation 附息债务 Internal control system 内部控制系统 Internal financing 内部筹资 Internal Revenue Code 国内税收法规 Internal Revenue Service 国内税收总署 Interperiod tax allocation 跨期税款分摊 Intraperiod tax allocation 所得税期内分摊 Inventory 存货 Inventory turnover 存货周转 Investing activities 投资活动 L Land 土地，不动产 Last-in, first-out 后进先出 Lease 租赁 Leverage 杠杆效应 Liability 负债 Life of a bond 年金期间 LIFO conformity rule 后进先出法一致性规则 LIFO liquidation 后进先出法清算 LIFO reserve 后进先出法准备 Line of credit 信用限额 Liquidation 清算 Liquidity 流动性 Listed company 上市公司 Loan contract 贷款合同 Loan covenant 贷款契约 Long-lived assets 长期资产 Long-term loan 长期负债 Long-term debt ratio 长期债务率 Long-term investments 长期投资 Loss 亏损 Loss contingency 或有损失 Lower-of-cost-or-market rule 成本与市价孰低原则 M MACRS 加速成本回收法修正系统 Maintenance expenditure 维修费用 Management accounting 管理会计 Management discretion 管理决策 Management letter 管理建议书 Manufacturing company 制造公司 Margin 毛利 Mark-to-market accounting 按市场计价法会计 Markdown 减低标价 Market price 市场价格 Market share 市场份额 Market value 市价 Market-to-book ratio 市价与账面值比率 Marketable securities 有价证券 Matching principle 配比原则 Materiality 重要性 Maturity date 到期日 Maturity value 到期值 Measurement theory 计量理论 Merchandise inventory 商品盘存 Merger 合并 Mortgage 抵押，按揭 Mortgage payable 应付抵押款 Multinational corporation 跨国公司 N Natural resource cost 自然资源成本 Net assets 净资产 Net book value 净账面价值 Net credit sales 净赊销值 Net earnings 净收益 Net income 净收益 Net of tax 税后净额 Net operation income 净营业收入 Net profit 净收益 Net realizable value 可实现净值 Net sales 销售净额 Net worth 资本净值 nonoperating items 营业外项目 nonparticipating preferred stock 非参加优先股 nonprofit entity 非盈利实体 not-for-profit accounting 非盈利账户 notes payable 应付票据 notes receivable 应收票据 O Obsolescence 过时，陈旧 Off-balance-sheet financing 资产负债表外融资 Open account 未清账户 Operating activities 经营活动 Operating cycle 营业周期 Operating days 营业日 Operating expenses 营业费用 Operating income 营业收益 Operating lease 经营租赁 Operating margin 营业毛利 Operating performance 经营业绩 Operating revenues 营业收入 Opinion letter 审计报告 Ordinary stock dividend 普通股股利 Organizational forms 组织形式 Original cost 原始成本 Other gains and losses 其它收益和亏损 Other revenues and expenses 其它收益和亏损 Output market 输出市场 Outstanding shares 发行在外的股份 Overhead 管理费用 Owner\'s equity 所有者权益 P Paper profits 账面利润 Per value 面值 Parent company 母公司 Participating preferred stock 参与优先股 Partnership 合伙 Patent 专利 Payments in advance 预付款 Pension 养老金 Percentage-of-credit-sales approach 赊销百分比法 Periodic method 定期法 Perpetual method 永续法 Physical obsolescence 实物陈旧 Portfolio 投资组合 Postacquisition expenditures 收购后费用 Postretirement costs 退休后成本 Preemptive right 优先股权 Premium on bonds payable应付债券溢价 Prepaid expenses 准备成本 Present value 现值 Price/earnings ratio 价格/收益比 Prime interest rate 优惠利率 Principal 本金当事人 Prior period adjustment 前期调整数 Private company 私人公司 Proceeds 收入 Production capacity 生产能力 Production efficiency 生产效率 Profit 利润 Profit and loss statement 损益表 Profitability 获利能力 Profitability ratios 获利能力比率 Property 财产 Property, plan, and equipment 财产，车间和设备 Prospectus 招股说明书 Proxy statement 委托书 Public accounting firms 会计师事务所 Purchase method 购买法 Purchasing power 购买力 Q Qualified audit report 有保留意见的审计报告 Quick ratio 速动比率 R Rate of return 回报率 Realized gain or loss 已实现收益或损失 Recognized gain or loss 确认收益或损失 Redemption 赎回 Refinancing 再筹资 Related party transaction 关联交易 Replacement cost 重置成本 Restrictive covenant 约束性规定 Restructuring charges 重组成本 Retail company 零售公司 Retained earnings 留存收益 Retirement 退休，退股 Return on assets 资产报酬率 Return on equity 净资产收益率 Return on equity from financial leverage 融资杠杆净资产收益率 Return on investment 投资回报率 Return on sales 销售利润率 Revaluation adjustment 重估调整 Revenue 收入 Revenue recognition 收入确认 Risk 风险 Risk premium 风险报酬 Risk-free return 无风险回报 S Sales 销售 Sales growth 销售增长 Sales returns 销售退回 Salvage value 残值 Secured note 有担保票据 Securities and Exchange Commission 证券及期货事务监察委员会 Security 证券 Service company 服务公司 Service revenue 服务收益 SG & A 销售，一般和行政花费 short-term liability 短期负债 Short-term investment 短期投资 Sole proprietorship 独资经营 Solvency 偿债能力 Solvency ratios 偿债比率 Specific identification 个体辨认 Standard audit report 标准审计报告 Stated interest rate 票面利率 Statement of cash flows 现金流量表 Statement of retained earning 留存收益表 Statement of stockholder\'s equity 股东权益表 Stock 股票 Stock dividend 股利 Stock market 股票市场 Stock opinions 股票价格 Stock split 股份拆细 Stock split in the form of a dividend 股票股利的股票拆分 Stockholders 股东 Stockholders\' equity 股东权益 Straight-line method 直线法 Subsidiary 子公司 Sum-of-the-years\'-digits method 年数总和法 Supplies inventory 物料盘存 T T-account analysis T形账户分析法 Takeover 收购 Taking a bath 冲销 Tax accounting 税务会计 Tax deductible 税款抵扣 Taxable income 应税收入 Technical default 技术性违约 Technical obsolescence 技术陈旧 Term loan 定期贷款 Times interest earned 利息保障倍数 Trade-in 以旧换新 Trademark or trade name 商号 Trading securities 交易证券 Transportation-in 在途运输 Treasury notes 中期国库券 Treasury stock 库存股票 U Uncollectibles 坏账 Unearned revenue 未获收入 Uniformity 统一 Unqualified audit report 在编审计报告 Unrealized gain or loss 未实现收入或损失 Unsecured notes 无担保票据 Useful life 使用年限 Usual transactions 普通交易 V Valuation base 计价基础 W Warranty 认股权证 Window dressing 粉饰 Working capital 营运资金，周转资金

3. 证券英语翻译：plain-vanilla common stock是什么意思？

plain-vanilla common stock 指的是普通股。
普通股：( ordinary share、common stock) 普通股是指在公司的经营管理和盈利及财产的分配上享有普通权利的股份，代表满足所有债权偿付要求及优先股东的收益权与求偿权要求后对企业盈利和剩余财产的索取权，它构成公司资本的基础，是股票的一种基本形式，也是发行量最大，最为重要的股票。
Common stock is a form of corporate equity ownership, a type of security. The terms "voting share" or "ordinary share" are also used in other parts of the world; common stock being primarily used in the United States.
It is called "common" to distinguish it from preferred stock. If both types of stock exist, common stock holders cannot be paid dividends until all preferred stock dividends (including payments in arrears) are paid in full.
In the event of bankruptcy, common stock investors receive any remaining funds after bondholders, creditors (including employees), and preferred stock holders are paid. As such, such investors often receive nothing after a bankruptcy.
On the other hand, common shares on average perform better than preferred shares or bonds over time.[1]
Common stock usually carries with it the right to vote on certain matters, such as electing the board of directors. However, a company can have both a "voting" and "non-voting" class of common stock.
Holders of common stock are able to influence the corporation through votes on establishing corporate objectives and policy, stock splits, and electing the company's board of directors. Some holders of common stock also receive preemptive rights, which enable them to retain their proportional ownership in a company should it issue another stock offering. There is no fixed dividend paid out to common stock holders and so their returns are uncertain, contingent on earnings, company reinvestment, efficiency of the market to value and sell stock.[2]
Additional benefits from common stock include earning dividends and capital appreciation.
 
希望对你能够有一定的帮助

4. 谁能帮忙找一下金融控股公司方面的英文资料啊？

金融控股公司就是投行吗？？

如果是的，下面的文章就是你要的

Investment banks help companies and governments raise money by issuing and selling securities in the capital markets (both equity and debt), as well as providing advice on transactions such as mergers and acquisitions. Until the late 1980s, the United States and Canada maintained a separation between investment banking and commercial banks.

A majority of investment banks offer strategic advisory services for mergers, acquisitions, divestiture or other financial services for clients, such as the trading of derivatives, fixed income, foreign exchange, commodity, and equity securities.

Trading securities for cash or securities (i.e., facilitating transactions, market-making), or the promotion of securities (i.e., underwriting, research, etc.) is referred to as the "sell side."

Dealing with the pension funds, mutual funds, hedge funds, and the investing public who consume the products and services of the sell-side in order to maximize their return on investment constitutes the "buy side". Many firms have buy and sell side components

Organizational structure of an investment bank

[edit] The main activities and units

On behalf of the bank and its clients, the primary function of the bank is buying and selling products. Banks undertake risk through proprietary trading, done by a special set of traders who do not interface with clients and through Principal Risk, risk undertaken by a trader after he buys or sells a product to a client and does not hedge his total exposure. Banks seek to maximize profitability for a given amount of risk on their balance sheet.

An investment bank is split into the so-called Front Office, Middle Office, and Back Office.

[edit] Front Office

    * Investment banking is the traditional aspect of investment banks which involves helping customers raise funds in the Capital Markets and advising on mergers and acquisitions. These jobs tend to be extremely competitive and difficult to land. Investment banking may involve subscribing investors to a security issuance, coordinating with bidders, or negotiating with a merger target. Other terms for the investment banking division include mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and corporate finance. The investment banking division (IBD) is generally divided into industry coverage and product coverage groups. Industry coverage groups focus on a specific industry such as healthcare, industrials, or technology, and maintain relationships with corporations within the industry to bring in business for a bank. Product coverage groups focus on financial products, such as mergers and acquisitions, leveraged finance, equity, and high-grade debt.

    * Investment management is the professional management of various securities (shares, bonds, etc.) and other assets (e.g. real estate), to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of the investors. Investors may be institutions (insurance companies, pension funds, corporations etc.) or private investors (both directly via investment contracts and more commonly via collective investment schemes eg. mutual funds). The Investment management division of an investment bank is generally divided into separate groups, often known as Private Wealth Management and Private Client Services. Asset Management deals with institutional investors, while Private Wealth Management manages the funds of high net-worth individuals.

    * Sales & Trading In the process of market making, traders will buy and sell financial products with the goal of making an incremental amount of money on each trade. Sales is the term for the investment banks sales force, whose primary job is to call on institutional and high-net-worth investors to suggest trading ideas (on caveat emptor basis) and take orders. Sales desks then communicate their clients' orders to the appropriate trading desks, who can price and execute trades, or structure new products that fit a specific need.

    * Structuring has been a relatively recent division as derivatives have come into play, with highly technical and numerate employees working on creating complex structured products which typically offer much greater margins and returns than underlying cash securities. The necessity for numerical ability has created jobs for physics and math Ph.D.s who act as quants.

    * Merchant banking is a private equity activity of investment banks.[1] Examples include Goldman Sachs Capital Partners and JPMorgan One Equity Partners. Sometimes, merchant banking is a part of Alternative Investment division.

    * Research is the division which reviews companies and writes reports about their prospects, often with "buy" or "sell" ratings. While the research division generates no revenue, its resources are used to assist traders in trading, the sales force in suggesting ideas to customers, and investment bankers by covering their clients. There is a potential conflict of interest between the investment bank and its analysis in that published analysis can affect the profits of the bank. Therefore in recent years the relationship between investment banking and research has become highly regulated requiring a Chinese wall between public and private functions.

    * Strategy is the division which advises external as well as internal clients on the strategies that can be adopted in various markets. Ranging from derivatives to specific industries, strategists place companies and industries in a quantitative framework with full consideration of the macroeconomic scene. This strategy often affects the way the firm will operate in the market, the direction it would like to take in terms of its proprietary and flow positions, the suggestions salespersons give to clients, as well as the way structurers create new products.

[edit] Middle Office

    * Risk Management involves analyzing the market and credit risk that traders are taking onto the balance sheet in conducting their daily trades, and setting limits on the amount of capital that they are able to trade in order to prevent 'bad' trades having a detrimental effect to a desk overall. Another key Middle Office role is to ensure that the above mentioned economic risks are captured accurately (as per agreement of commercial terms with the counterparty), correctly (as per standardized booking models in the most appropriate systems) and on time (typically within 30 minutes of trade execution). In recent years the risk of errors has become known as "operational risk" and the assurance Middle Offices provide now includes measures to address this risk. When this assurance is not in place, market and credit risk analysis can be unreliable and open to deliberate manipulation.

    * Finance areas are responsible for an investment bank's capital management and risk monitoring. By tracking and analyzing the capital flows of the firm, the Finance division is the principal adviser to senior management on essential areas such as controlling the firm's global risk exposure and the profitability and structure of the firm's various businesses. In the United States and United Kingdom, a Financial Controller is a senior position, often reporting to the Chief Financial Officer.

    * Compliance areas are responsible for an investment bank's daily operations' compliance with FSA regulations and internal regulations. Often also considered a back-office division.

[edit] Back Office

    * Operations involves data-checking trades that have been conducted, ensuring that they are not erroneous, and transacting the required transfers. While some believe it provides the greatest job security with the bleakest career prospects of the divisions within an investment bank, many have outsourced operations. It is however a critical part of the bank that involves managing the financial information of the bank and ensures efficient capital markets through the financial reporting function. In recent years due to increased competition in finance related careers, college degrees are now mandatory at most Tier 1 investment banks. A finance degree has proved significant in understanding the depth of the deals and transactions that occur across all the divisions of the bank.

    * Technology refers to the IT department. Every major investment bank has considerable amounts of in-house software, created by the Technology team, who are also responsible for Computer and Telecommunications-based support. Technology has changed considerably in the last few years as more sales and trading desks are using electronic trading platforms. These platforms can serve as auto-executed hedging to complex model driven algorithms.

An investment bank can also be split into private and public functions with a Chinese wall which separates the two to prevent information from crossing. The private areas of the bank deal with private insider information that may not be publicly disclosed, while the public areas such as stock analysis deal with public information.

[edit] Employment

In the United Kingdom more graduates apply to investment banks than for any other career because of the exciting city based work, good compensation benefits package and prestige of firms such as UBS, Credit Suisse, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch, and JP Morgan.

Similarly, the same trend seemed to apply to Singapore where careers with such banks are deemed prestigious.

[edit] Size of industry

Global investment banking revenue increased for the fifth year running in 2007, to $84.3 billion.[2] This was up 21% on the previous year and more than double the level in 2003. Despite a record year for fee income, many investment banks have experienced large losses related to their exposure to US sub-prime securities investments.

The US was the primary source of investment banking income in 2007, with 53% of the total, a proportion which has fallen somewhat during the past decade. Europe (with Middle East and Africa) generated 32% of the total, slightly up on its 30% share a decade ago. Asian countries generated the remaining 15%. Over the past decade, fee income from the US increased by 80%. This compares with a 217% increase in Europe and 250% increase in Asia during this period.

Investment banking is one of the most global industries and is hence continuously challenged to respond to new developments and innovation in the global financial markets. Throughout the history of investment banking, it is only known that many have theorized that all investment banking products and services would be commoditized. New products with higher margins are constantly invented and manufactured by bankers in hopes of winning over clients and developing trading know-how in new markets. However, since these can usually not be patented or copyrighted, they are very often copied quickly by competing banks, pushing down trading margins.[citation needed]

For example, trading bonds and equities for customers is now a commodity business[citation needed], but structuring and trading derivatives is highly profitable[citation needed]. Each OTC contract has to be uniquely structured and could involve complex pay-off and risk profiles. Listed option contracts are traded through major exchanges, such as the CBOE, and are almost as commoditized as general equity securities.

In addition, while many products have been commoditized, an increasing amount of profit within investment banks has come from proprietary trading, where size creates a positive network benefit (since the more trades an investment bank does, the more it knows about the market flow, allowing it to theoretically make better trades and pass on better guidance to clients).

The fastest growing segment of the investment banking industry are private investments into public companies (PIPEs, otherwise known as Regulation D or Regulation S). Such transactions are privately negotiated between companies and accredited investors. These PIPE transactions are non-rule 144A transactions. Large buldge bracket brokerage firms and smaller boutique firms compete in this sector. Special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) or blank check corporations have been created from this industry.

[edit] Vertical integration

In the US, the Glass-Steagall Act, initially created in the wake of the Stock Market Crash of 1929, prohibited banks from both accepting deposits and underwriting securities which led to segregation of investment banks from commercial banks. Glass-Steagall was effectively repealed for many large financial institutions by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act in 1999.

Another development in recent years has been the vertical integration of debt securitization[citation needed]. Previously, investment banks had assisted lenders in raising more lending funds and having the ability to offer longer term fixed interest rates by converting the lenders' outstanding loans into bonds. For example, a mortgage lender would make a house loan, and then use the investment bank to sell bonds to fund the debt, the money from the sale of the bonds can be used to make new loans, while the lender accepts loan payments and passes the payments on to the bondholders. This process is called securitization. However, lenders have begun to securitize loans themselves, especially in the areas of mortgage loans. Because of this, and because of the fear that this will continue, many Investment Banks have focused on becoming lenders themselves,[3] making loans with the goal of securitizing them. In fact, in the areas of commercial mortgages, many investment banks lend at loss leader interest rates[citation needed] in order to make money securitizing the loans, causing them to be a very popular financing option for commercial property investors and developers[citation needed].

[edit] Possible conflicts of interest

Potential conflicts of interest may arise between different parts of a bank, creating the potential for financial movements that could be market manipulation. Authorities that regulate investment banking (the FSA in the United Kingdom and the SEC in the United States) require that banks impose a Chinese wall which prohibits communication between investment banking on one side and equity research and trading on the other.

Some of the conflicts of interest that can be found in investment banking are listed here:

    * Historically, equity research firms were founded and owned by investment banks. One common practice is for equity analysts to initiate coverage on a company in order to develop relationships that lead to highly profitable investment banking business. In the 1990s, many equity researchers allegedly traded positive stock ratings directly for investment banking business. On the flip side of the coin: companies would threaten to divert investment banking business to competitors unless their stock was rated favorably. Politicians acted to pass laws to criminalize such acts. Increased pressure from regulators and a series of lawsuits, settlements, and prosecutions curbed this business to a large extent following the 2001 stock market tumble.[citation needed]

    * Many investment banks also own retail brokerages. Also during the 1990s, some retail brokerages sold consumers securities which did not meet their stated risk profile. This behavior may have led to investment banking business or even sales of surplus shares during a public offering to keep public perception of the stock favorable.

    * Since investment banks engage heavily in trading for their own account, there is always the temptation or possibility that they might engage in some form of front running. Front running is the illegal practice of a stock broker executing orders on a security for their own account (and thus affecting prices) before filling orders previously submitted by their customers.

5. 合同翻译，急！！！

试用期
首3个月的就业将是一个试用期。本合同可予终止，任何一方给予一周的书面通知，在首3个月内，他的就业。离开未必期间所采取的这个试用期。 

4.2经理人须在任何时候给予及时的管理（以书面若有所要求的）所有这些资料，作为管理的合理需要，在有关进行该项业务，到目前为止，因为这些资料是，或应该是，知识管理，并提供这样的解释，因为可能需要管理方面的条文。 
4.3允许的范围内，由中华人民共和国，经理人是受一个非固定的工作时间制度和他的工作时数不限制正常办公时间明，在员工手册中的公司。 
4.4未经批准，股东大会，该公司在每个和任何例如，经理不得，在他的职业，参加股东，合伙人或任何其他身份从事任何公司或企业以外的其他国际空间站的组。经理人应，不过，准许持有的证券通常用于投资，例如上市的股票和债券在公司不竞争，在任何时候与国际空间站的组。对于任何证券发行或保证的母公司的国际空间站组，经理同意遵守内幕交易的规则所发出的国际空间站集团会不时作出修订。 
4.5经理接受了国际空间站的组策略，所有材料的协议或承诺，进入了代表公司必须共同签署了由两个公司的董事。
试用期根据合同期限而定。

6. 帮帮忙, 把有关首首富的介绍翻译成英文

Carlos Slim Eluay, the telecommunications tycoon from Mexico in March of this year just over "Unit god," Buffett as the world's second-richest person and now he will be a 13's Bill Gates the world's richest man fall to 67.8 billion US dollars of assets into a new world's richest. He Gates beyond the secrets of what he and Gates as the world's richest man have in common? 
67-year-old Slim Although the name Slim (slim), but his wealth is quite stout. As Slim's American Mobile Communications (AmericaMovil) shares from March to June soared by 27% in the second quarter of this year, the net worth of Slim property has been achieved 67.8 billion. This figure equivalent to the gross domestic product of Mexico 8%, exceeding the Microsoft founder Bill - Bill Gates 59.2 billion US dollars in production. 
Make way: Lu has talent Fees 
Slim juvenile times will show his investment talent. This descendant of Lebanese immigrants in the 11 years to life when the first investment - the purchase of government savings bonds. Until the age of 15, he has become Mexico's largest bank shareholders. 
In Slim seems, is led his father into business mentors. Children age, his father every week will give him five pesos pocket money, but asked him to record every expenditure. Until now, Slim office bookshelf, he was also retain the five books, he bought a record above the corn flour tortillas, fried tortillas and drink lap drinks. 
Slim's father in Mexico City was besieged difficult time, in a town bought the property. After his death, he gave Slim left a rich legacy. 
His father recalled that the decision, Slim said: "That requires courage." It is from her father who, Slim acquired business know-how. "Any appropriate investment will eventually be rewarded." 
In 1982, the Mexican financial crisis, currency devaluation, we have investment from the capital to the United States and Europe. In Mexico's economic prospects were not optimistic about the situation, Slim bought at a low price many brink of bankruptcy tobacco companies and restaurant chain companies. After a few years, the assets of these enterprises increase to make his way lay a solid foundation. 
These are only the beginning, Slim and greater opportunities emerging in 1990. Mexico was set off by a wave of privatization of state-owned enterprises, the opportunity to buy Slim Mexico Telephone Company (Telmex). He took over this telephone companies, the company's efficiency is extremely low, and the need to install a telephone line for months or even years, the poor reputation in the industry. 
However, Slim succeeded in transforming it into a modern, professional and large enterprises. Today, 90% of Mexico's phone lines controlled by Slim. Depend on how the money tree, Slim gradually established its own huge industrial empire, the richest man in a step by step from Mexico into Latin America's richest man, until now the world's richest. 
Slim seems to be a natural spin gold from straw, and he thought Buffett than he has done more in-depth than the investment, he preferred personally operate Industries.

7. islamic-bond market

伊斯兰债券市场。

8. 出国文书，需要说明，个人所得税问题。

中华人民共和国个人所得税法实施条例

Regulations for the Implementation of the Individual Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China 

第一条 根据《中华人民共和国个人所得税法》（以下简称税法）的规定，制定本条例。

Article 1.These Regulations are formulated in accordance with the Individual Income Tax law of the People's Republic of China (the "Tax Law"). 

第二条 税法第一条第一款所说的中国境内有住所的个人，是指因户籍、家庭、经济利益关系而在中国境内习惯性居住的个人。

Article 2.For the Purposes of the first paragraph of Article 1 of the Tax Law, the term "individuals who have domicile in China" shall mean individuals who by reason of their permanent registered address, family or economic interests, habitually reside in the People's Republic of China. 

第三条 税法第一条第一款所说的在境内居住满一年，是指在一个纳税年度中国境内居住365日。

Article 3.For the purposes of the first paragraph of Article 1 of the Tax Law, the term "have resided for one year or move in China" shall mean to have resided within the People's Republic of China for 365 days in a Tax Year. 

临时离境的，不扣减日数。

No deductions shall be made from that number of days for Temporary Trips out of the People's Republic of China. 

前款所说的临时离境，是指在一个纳税年度中一次不超过30日或者多次累计不超过90日的离境。

For the purposes of preceding paragraph, the term "Temporary Trips out of the People's Republic of China" shall mean absence from the People's Republic of China for not more than 30 days during a single trip, or not more than a cumulative total of 90 days over a number of trips, within the same Tax Year. 

第四条 税法第一条第一款、第二款所说的从中国境内取得的所得，是指来源于中国境内的所得；所说的从中国境外取得的所得，是指来源于中国境外的所得。

Article 4.For the purposes of the first and second paragraphs of Article 1 of the Tax Law, the term "income derived from sources within China" shall mean income the source of which is inside the People's Republic of China, and the term "from sources outside China" shall mean income the source of which is outside the People's Republic of China. 

第五条 下列所得，不论支付地点是否在中国境内，均为来源于中国境内的所得：

Article 5.The following income, whether the place of payment is inside the People's Republic of China or not, shall be income derived from sources inside the People's Republic of China. 

（一）因任职、受雇、履约等而在中国境内提供劳务取得的所得；

(1) income from personal services provided inside the People's Republic of China because of the tenure of an office, employment, the performance of a contract, etc.; 

（二）将财产出租给承租人在中国境内使用而取得的所得；

(2) income from the lease of property to a lessee for use inside the People's Republic of China; 

（三）转让中国境内的建筑物、土地使用权等财产或者在中国境内转让其他财产取得的所得；

(3) income from the assignment of property such as buildings, land use rights, etc. inside the People's Republic of China or the assignment inside the People's Republic of China of any other property; 

（四）许可各种特权在中国境内使用而取得的所得；

(4) Income from the licensing for use inside the People's Republic of China of any kind of licensing rights; 

（五）从中国境内的公司、企业以及其他经济组织或者个人取得的利息、股息、红利所得。

(5) income from interest, dividends and extra dividends derived from companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals inside the People's Republic of China. 

第六条 在中国境内无住所，但是居住一年以上五年以下的个人，其来源于中国境外的所得，经主管税务机关批准，可以只就由中国境内公司、企业以及其他经济组织或者个人支付的部分缴纳个人所得税；

Article 6.For income derived from sources outside the People's Republic of China of individuals not domiciled in the People's Republic of China, but resident for more than one year and less than five years, subject to the approval of the tax authorities-in-charge, individual income tax may be paid on only that part which was paid by companies, enterprises or other economic organizations or individuals which are inside the People's Republic of China. 

居住超过五年的个人，从第六年起，应当就其来源于中国境外的全部所得缴纳个人所得税。

Individuals who reside for more than five years shall, commencing from the sixth year, pay individual income tax on the whole amount of income derived from sources outside the People's Republic of China. 

第七条 在中国境内无住所，但是在一个纳税年度在中国境内连续或者累计居住不超过90日的个人，其来源于中国境内的所得，由境外雇主支付并且不由该启主在中国境内的机构、场所负担的部分，兔予缴纳个人所得税。

Article 7.For individuals who are not domiciled in the People's Republic of China, but who reside inside the People's Republic of China consecutively or accumulatively for not more than 90 days in any one Tax Year, their income derived from sources inside the People's Republic of China which is paid by an employer outside the People's Republic of China, and which is not borne by the employer's establishment or business place within the People's Republic of China, shall be exempt from individual income tax. 

第八条 税法第二条所说的各项个人所得的范围：

Article 8.The scope of the categories of income mentioned in Article 2 of the Tax Law shall be as set forth below; 

（一）工资、薪金所得，是指个人因任职或者受扈而取得的工资，薪金、奖金、年终加贺、劳动分红、津贴以及与任职或者受扈有关的其他所得。

(1) The term "income from wages and salaries" shall mean wages, salaries, bonuses, year-end extras, profit shares, subsidies, allowances and other income related to the tenure of an office or employment that is derived by individuals by virtue of the tenure of an office or employment. 

（二）个体工商户的生产、经营所得，是指：

(2) The term "income from production or business operation derived by individual industrial and commercial households" shall mean the following: 

1．个体工商户从事工业、手工业、建筑业、交通运输业、商业、饮食业、服务业、修理业以及其他行业生产、经营取得的所得；

(a) income derived by individual industrial and commercial households from engagement in industry, handicrafts, construction, transportation, commerce, the food and beverage industry, the service industry, the repair industry and production and business in other industries; 

2．个人经政府有关部门批准，取得执照，从事办学、医疗、咨询以及其他有偿服务活动取得的所得；

(b) income derived by individuals from engagement, with approval from the relevant government authorities and after having obtained licenses, in the provision of educational. medical, advisory and other services activities for consideration; 

3．其他个人从事工商业生产、经营取得的所得；

(c) other income derived by individuals from engagement in individual industrial and commercial production and business; 

4。上述个体工商户和个人取得的生产、经营有关的各项应纳税取得。

(d) all taxable income related to production and business of the above individual industrial and commercial households and individuals. 

（三）对企事业单位的承包经营、承租经营所得，是指个人承包经营、承租经营以转包、转租取得的所得，包括个人按月或者按次取得的工资、薪金性质的所得。

(3) The term "income from contracted or leased operation of enterprises or institutions" shall mean income derived by individuals from contracted or leased operations, or from assigning such contracts or leases, including income of a wage or salary nature derived by individuals on a monthly basis or from time to time. 

（四）劳务报酬所得，是指个人从事设计、装珍、安装、制图、化验、测试、医疗、法凯会计、咨询、讲学、新闻、广播、翻译、审稿、书画、雕刻、影视、录音、录像、演出、表演、广告、展览、技术眼务、介绍服务、经纪服务、代办服务以及其他劳务取得的所得。

(4) The term "income from remuneration for personal services" shall mean income derived by individuals from engagement in design, decoration, installation, drafting, laboratory testing, other testing, medical treatment, legal accounting, advisory, lecturing, news, broadcasting, translation, proofreading, painting and calligraphic, carving, moving picture and television, sound recording, video recording, show, performance, advertising, exhibition and technical services, introduction services, brokerage services, agency services and other personal services. 

（五）稿酬所得，是指个人因作品以图书、报刊形式出版、发表而取得的所得。

(5) The term "income from author's remuneration" shall mean income derived by individuals by virtue of the publication of their works in books, newspapers and periodicals. 

（六）特许权使用费所得，是指个人提供专利权、商标权、著作权、非专利权技术以及蔫他特许权的使用权取得的所得；提供著作权的使用权取得的所得，不包括槁酬所得。

(6) The term "income from royalties" shall mean income derived by individuals from provision of the right to use patent rights, trademark rights, copyrights, non-patented technology and other licensing rights, Income from provision of the fight to use copyrights shall not include income from author's remuneration. 

（七）利息、股息、红利所得，是指个人拥有债权、股权而取得的利息、股息、红利所得。

(7) The term "income from interest, dividends and extra dividends" shall mean income from interest, dividends and extra dividends that is derived by individuals by virtue of their possession of creditor's rights and share rights. 

（八）财产租赁所得，是指个人出租建筑物、土地使用权、机器设备、车船以及其他财产取得的所得。

(8) The term "income from lease of property" shall mean income derived by individuals from the lease of buildings, land use rights, machinery, equipment, means of transportation and other property. 

（九）财产转让所得，是指个人转让有价证券、股权、建筑物、土地使用权、机器设备、车船以及其他财产取得的所得。

(9) The term "income from transfer of properly" shall mean income derived by individuals from the assignment of negotiable securities, share rights, structures, land use rights, machinery, equipment, means of transportation and other property. 

（十）偶然所得，是指个人得奖、中奖、中彩以及其他偶然性质的所得。

(10) The term "contingent income" shall mean income derived by individuals from winning awards, prizes and lotteries and other income of an occasional nature. 

个人取得的所得，难以界定应纳税所得项目的，由主管税务机关确定。

Income derived by individuals for which the taxable category is difficult to determine shall be decided upon by the tax authorities-in-charge. 

第九条 对股票转让所得征收个人所得税的办法，由财政部另行制定，报国务院批准施行。

Article 9.Measures for the levy and collection if individual income tax on income from the transfer of shares shall be separately formulated by the Ministry of Finance and implemented upon approval by the State Council. 

第十条 个人取得的应纳税所得，包括现金、实物和有价证券。

Article 10.Taxable income derived by individuals shall include cash, physical objects and negotiable securities. 

所得为实物的，应当按照取得凭证上所注明的价格应计算纳税所得额；

If the income is in the form of physical objects, the amount of taxable income shall be determined according to the price specified on the voucher obtained. 

无凭证的实物或者凭证上所注明的价格明显们低的，由主管税务机关参照当地的市场价格核定应纳税所得额。

If there is no receipt for the physical objects or if the price specified on the voucher is obviously on the low side, the tax authorities-in-charge shall determine the amount of taxable income by reference to the local market price；

所得为有价证券的，由主管税务机关根据票面价格和市场价格核定应纳税所得额。

If the income is in the form of negotiable securities, the amount of taxable income shall be determined by the tax authorities-in-charge according to the face value and the market price. 

第十一条 税法第三条第四项所说的劳务报酬所得一次收入畸高，是指个人一次取得劳务报酬，其应纳税所得额超过20000元。

Article 11.For the purposes of item (4) of Article 3 of the Tax Law, the phrase "a specific payment of income from remuneration for personal service is excessively high" shall mean a payment received as remuneration for personal service with an amount of taxable income exceeding RMB 20,000. 

对前款应纳税所得额超过20000元至50000元的部分，依照税法规定计算应纳税额后再按照应纳税额加征五成；超过50000元的部分，加征十成。

That part of taxable income as mentioned in the preceding paragraph which exceeds RMB 20,000 but does not exceed RMB 50,000 shall, after the amount of tax payable is calculated in accordance with the Tax Law. be subject to an additional levy at the rate of 50 percent of the amount of tax payable. That part which exceeds RMB 50,000 shall be subject to an additional levy at the rate of 100 percent of tax payable. 

第十二条 税法第四条第二项所说的国债利息，是指个人持有中华人民共和国财政部发行的债券而取得的利息所得；所说的国家发行的金融债券利息，是指个人持有国务院批准发行的金融债券而取得的利息所得。

Article 12.For the purposes of item (2) of Article 4 of the Tax Law, the term "interest on national debt obligations" shall mean interest income derived by individuals by virtue of holding bonds issued by the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China, and the term "interest on financial debentures issued by the state" shall mean interest income derived by individuals by virtue of holding financial bonds issued with State Council approval. 

第十三条 税法第四条第三项所说的按照国家统一规定发给的补贴、津贴，是指按照国务院规定发给的政府特殊津贴和国务院规定免纳个人所得税的补贴、津贴。

Article 13.For the purposes of item (3) of Article 4 of the Tax Law, the term "subsidies and allowances paid in accordance with uniform regulations of the state" shall mean special government subsidies issued in accordance with State Council regulations and allowances and subsidies that are exempt from individual income tax by State Council regulations. 

第十四条 税法第四条第四项所说的福利费，是指根据国家有关规定，从企业、事业单位、国家机关、社会团体提留的福利费或者工会经费中支付给个人的生活补助费；所说的救济金，是指国家民政部门支付给个人的生活困难补助费。

Article 14.For the purposes of item (4) of Article 4 of the Tax Law, the term "welfare benefits" shall mean cost-of-living subsidies paid to individuals according to relevant state regulations out of the welfare benefits or labor union funds allocated by enterprises, institutions, government agencies and social organizations, and the term "relief payments" shall mean hardship subsidies paid to individuals by civil affairs authorities of the state. 

第十五条 税法第四条第八项所说的依照我国法律规定应予免税的国家驻华使馆、领事馆的外交代表、领事官员和其他人员的所得，是指依照《中华人民共和国外交特权与豁兔条例》和《中华人民共和国领事特权与豁免条例》规定免税的所得。

Article 15.For the purposes of item (8) of Article 4 of the Tax Law, the "income derived by the diplomatic agents, consular officers and other personnel who are exempt from tax under the provisions of the relevant Laws of China" shall mean income that is tax-exempt under the Regulations of the People's Republic of China Concerning Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities and the Regulations of the People's Republic of China concerning Consular Privileges and Immunities. 

第十六条 税法第五条所说的减征个人所得税，其减征的幅度和期限由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府规定。

Article 16.The ranges and periods of the reductions in individual income tax referred to in Article 5 of the Tax Law shall be stipulated by the People's Governments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. 

第十七条 税法第六条第一款第二项所说的成本、费用，是指纳税人从事生产、经营所发生的各项直接支出和分配计入成本的间接费用以及销售费用、管理费用、财务费用；所说的损失，是指纳税义务人在生产、经营过程中发生的各项营业外支出。

Article 17.For the purposes of item (2) of the first paragraph of Article 6 of the Tax Law, the terms "costs" and "expenses" shall mean all direct expenditures, indirect expenses allocated as costs, as well as marketing expenses, administrative expenses and financial expenses incurred by taxpayers while engaging in production and business, and the term "losses" shall mean all non-operating expenditures incurred by taxpayers in the course of production and business. 

从事生产、经营的纳税义务人未提供完整、准确的纳税资料，不能正确计算应纳税所得额的，由主管税务机关核定其应纳税所得额。

If a taxpayer engaging in production or business fails to provide complete and accurate tax information and is unable to correctly calculate the amount of taxable income, his amount of taxable income shall be determined by the tax authorities-in-charge. 

第十八条 税法第六条第一款第三项所说的每一纳税年度的收入总额，是指纳税义务人按照承包经营、承租经营合同规定人分的经营利润和工资、薪金性质的所得；所说的减除必要费用，是指按月减除800元。

Article 18.For the purposes of item (3) of the first paragraph of Article 6 of the Tax Law, the term "the gross income in a tax year" shall mean the share of the operating profit or the income of a wage or salary nature derived by the taxpayer according to the contract for the contracted or leased operation and the term "deduction of necessary expenses" shall mean a monthly deduction of RMB 800. 

自己凑合着拼吧，老实说我英语还没你好！