英语高手进

1. 英语高手进

逗号后面的句子里，the search for oil是主语，而has done (more)是谓语(意思是“贡献了更多”[直译为“做了更多”])。deep作drilling的定语，意思是“深的”、“深度的”。drilling是动词drill(钻井、钻探)的动名词，deep drilling的意思是“深度钻探(或深海钻探)”。

2. 新概念的问题不懂！！高手求救！！

1.the peoples这里people指民族，美国人前面+THE是对的，所有国人前都要加the,如the Chinese

2.know from 和know of ，kown about差不多，都是知道了解的意思。 

3.wrok oneself into 使变得……
意思应该是：这些国家在这些荒唐的游戏面前变得疯狂

4.这个查字典就可以解决啊。
 electric  n. 电，电器（灯泡、吹风机、冰箱这些是电的）……  
          adj.和电有关的，充电的
 electronic adj.电子的 （手机、电脑、MP3这些是电子的）
 electrical 大多数时候和electric差不多，也可以表示电气的，电气科学。

5.记入他的账户  debit意思是 把……记入借方

6.agreement在这几个词当中属于普遍用词，用法最广
  accord : (尤指国家间的)谅解；(国家间的非正式)协议；条约；协定书
  pact : 严肃隆重的协议，指条约、公约、盟约

7.我特殊的经历主要是在XX方面 

8.石油是需要在地下踩得，所以用get down是下去的意思，这里不是一个短语，to时表示达到。

9.stay down the hole 表示的是状态，加个in就多余了。lead  off 开始

10.定语从句，in which 代指the general atmosphere of secrecy 

11.apply to是个短语，这里的particularly是修饰。the general atmosphere of secrecy 

大功告成！！！！ 

累死了~~还满意吧？ 

另外，其实其中有些问题是可以通过查字典完成的，字典是很好的老师哦，有时候不仅学到你要查的东西，还可以学到意外的东西的，你可以多翻翻字典哦~~~~
呵呵O(∩_∩)O~

3. 求帮忙翻译一段文字。交个作业...

The final a lot of course, still have small paper to deliver review... Burnout forehead. Most excessive is an English teacher asked us to hand in a written in English on learning strategies papers. Gosh, week 2 and the oral exam, also want to preparation, this paper I put the Chinese make out. Software translation disastrous, no time slowly changed. For expert help. Translation of this assignment. Requirements: college level, and don't ask completely authentic accurate. Take shots, can submit go do... 

As follows: 

Pick to: vocabulary learning is an important part of learning English vocabulary will directly influence the students, English ability of development. By memory rule, scientifically vocabulary memory to the accumulation of vocabulary as the breakthrough, comprehensively improve my English level is English learning a important task. 

Keywords: memorizing words method to learn English 


Word is one of the three elements of a language, vocabulary memory is the primary basis of learning English well. The British famous linguists D.A.W ilkins once said: no grammar, people can't express a lot of things, and no vocabulary, people are unable to express any thing. Vocabulary is the basis of other skills and master the enough vocabulary, listening, reading, writing, etc to is guaranteed. 

English vocabulary learning lies in getting the most basic word memory. Hundreds of thousands of English vocabulary, can use but oddment just, shakeespeare also USES the 20,000 to a word. American the thorndike professor had according to ordinary newspapers articles for less commonly used words appear rate statistics results: the most commonly used 3000 words appear rate of 97.66 ℅ this elucidation, mastering 3000 commonly used words appear particularly important. 

English vocabulary learning lies repetition. Has studied the word, if not often repeat, will soon forget, this is a very natural thing. Therefore, studying English is in there will always be people who'll forget the premise, through repeated memory, will firmly printed words in mind. 

First met some new words, don't blindly the dictionary. Should first analyze the composition of encountered by the new words and see which whether contains you have already learned words or familiar part, from known launch unknown. Accurate pronunciation can not only help to improve listening comprehension, and standard spelling words plays a vital role. 

Don't put the learn English hopes on complete and systematic study, and don't rely on chunk of their time. Because the brain does not computer, systematically, a large number of geological, will also systematically, a large quantity of forget. 

Pay attention to the overall understanding many people in English study not good at English words and phrases in particular language environment are understood and memory, but ChanDaYi, a word a word to understand, to memory. Thus they have meaning is isolated and unilateral and narrow, to understand and grasp the meaning is also very inflexible limited. Such as: "D r. koope language as for a year by our free on behalf the 2000." Separate the pronunciations of words is likely to put this sentence understood as "dr cooper call before the year 2000 to build a free (or freedom) smoking America". Understand so obviously and the theme antipathetic. The understand error because the sentences "f stable ree" one word meaning "freedom of commonly used", "free" and don't know... "and" without meaning. This sentence should be "dr cooper call before the year 2000 to build a no smoking America." learners should learn new words in the sentence, look at it in sentence what ingredients, thus know their parts of speech, see it in the paper how explanation, thus know its meaning; See it before and what is tie-in, thus to master its fixed usage. Through the above method mastery of the word is "live" rather than "death". It will ensure you said it is authentic English, read out was accurate sentences, the written expression is intact. To improve listening, speaking, reading and writing ability. Thus, pay attention to integral memory and understanding is very necessary. 
英语单词记忆方法我认为只要大概掌握到单词的拼写规则，只要会读了就大概会写，这样背起很简单，我觉得如果习惯了就成了一种条件反射了，听到单词就可以写了 
巧记英语单词 

准备一个专门记忆词汇的笔记本。一旦学会了一个新单词，就将它写进笔记本，然后再添加一句话，以便使自己能很好地掌握这个单词。 

使用为英语学习者编写的词典。现在有很多专为学习英语的人编写的词典，这些词典提供简单的注释和例句，有助于你掌握新单词。 

选择对你来说重要的单词。当你学习自己感兴趣的主题和单词时，总可以记忆得更好一些。 

通过主题来记忆单词。当你将生词分类记忆的时候，例如，把食品类和动作类单词放在一起，这样记起来就会容易一些。 

用卡片来帮助记忆生词。在每张卡片上写下一个英语单词，在其背面写下它的中文意思或英文解释。学完之后很快复习，以检测自己到底记得多少。 

在日常生活中尽可能多地使用新学的单词。最好的学习和记忆生词的办法就是在自己说和写的过程中不断使用它们。每天至少试着使用一个新学的英语单词。 

在学习新单词的时候掌握它的同义词。同义词是指与另一个词意思相同的词。学习同义词可以帮助你扩大词汇量，例如，"small"和"little'”就是两个同义词。 

掌握新单词的反义词。反义词指意思与另一词相反的词。学反义词同样也可以帮助你增加词汇量，例如，"bad'和” good'就是两个反义词。 

学习词根。很多英语单词都有拉丁词根。一个词根可以帮助你学会很多单词，如，拉丁词根"port"意为“携带”，这个词根出现在许多英语单词中，如export（出口），import（进口），transport（传输）等。 

学习前缀。前缀是指置于单词前面的字母组合，它们可以表达不同的意义。例如，很多形容词前面加in-，un-，或是non-，表示否定或与该形容词意义相反。"flexible"指人或是物可以很灵活地变化，因此“inflexible”就指的是意思正好相反，即“僵硬”。 

学会新单词的发音。有效使用新单词的一个很重要的组成部分就是掌握它的发音。正如你知道的，许多英语单词并不像你认为的那样发音。 


我自己归纳的几种巧妙的方法：� 


1.音、形、义、词类结合法 
单词教学首先要把每一个单词的音、形、义结合起来，要求学生作到发音准确、拼法正确和分清词义，还要求学生掌握好这个单词所属的词类，基本的惯用搭配，这个任务完成好了，学生就能基本读懂句子、理解课文的基本内容，课文的教学就会比较顺利。� 


2.利用对比法 
在单词教学中，尽可能把新、旧单词从同义、反义、同音异义、同形异义等方面进行联系对比，使学生在学习新单词同时又复习了旧单词，印象更深，记忆更牢固。�如同义词：must-siould-ought(应该) listen-hear(听)， begin-start(开始)，ask-request-solicit(请求)等。�反义词：tall-short， ahead-behind。 woman—man，young-old， up-down， befor e-after� 
同音异义词：hear-here， see-sea， right-write， no-know，too-two， for-four， sun-son， meat-meet，their-there等。同形异义词：arm手臂，arm武器(常用arms)：light轻轻的、淡淡的，light光亮的等等。�近形词：bike-like，big-pig，how-cow． hear-near，boat-coat，night-right等。� 

3.分析词的结构 
英语单词大多有它的词根、词头(前缀)、词尾(后缀)等部分，如果我们掌握了它们的意义，对单词进行分析，对我们记单词是大有帮助的。这样学生就能触类旁通、举一反三。� 
①词头un-表示“不”“无”“非”，able能- unable不能，happy快乐-unhappy不快乐。� 
②词尾加er表示“人”“者”，如：teach教，teacher教师;read读, roader读者；works作,worker工人； fight战斗fighter战士；speak说话，speaker说话人。③形容词词尾：beautiful美的,careful细心的,thankful,感谢的�④-ly副词词尾：greatly大大地，quickly迅速地，badly很坏地�⑤-th序数词词尾：ninth第九，eighth第八�⑥复合词：blackboard黑板，workshop车间，afternoon下午，classmate同班者，note---book笔记本， bare-foot赤脚的，meeting-room会议室，man- made人造 � 


4.归纳与综合当学习并积累了不少词汇的时候，为了更好地巩固下来并掌握其用法，就有必要做做归纳与综合的工作了。这样就 f可以加深巩固对单词的识别和记忆。如与time有关的单词有：cententury-year-season-fmoilth-week-day-night-hour-minute-second;由season可引出sprins、summer、autumn、winter；由month可引出：January、February、March、April、May、June、July、August、September、October、November、 f December；由week又可引出Monday、Tuesday、Wednesday、Thursday、Friday、Saturday、Sunday.� 
又如：与文具有关的单词有：pencil铅笔 ballipen圆珠笔brush画笔chalk粉笔 rubber橡皮paper纸ink墨水 ruler尺子 compasses圆规 school bag书包。 

5.列表记忆法设计一些有利于英语词汇学习的表格或让学生自制小卡片，多看多认，提高记忆单词的效率．如：英语中形容词比较级和最高级的规则变化较易掌握，而不规则变化难掌握，有些较难掌握的不规则动词的过去式，过去分词，现在分词，都可以采用列表记忆或自制卡片帮助记忆。 

6.及时复习怎么复习才能收到事半功倍的效果呢?这里主要提两点： 6.1正确地分配复习时间。根据遗忘的规律：先快后慢。先多后少来安排复习时间，先集中复习大约要十五分钟后，分散复习只用1分钟就够了。这样分散时间复习会提高记忆的效率。还有复习只有在遗忘还没有开始的时候才更有效。6.2方式方法要多样化。复习单诃不应该一次紧跟一次的“旧调重弹”或者一口气念十几二十遍。这样单调、机械的重复会产生枯燥、乏味、厌烦的情绪，容易引起大脑的抑制。最好采取多种多样的方式。如：朗诵短句，听录音，做练习，中英文互译，适当地泛读一些简易读物。还可以成立学习小组进行会话、讲故事、做游戏等。随着科学的发展、电子技术日新月异的进步，为掌握单词提供了电化设备。如：看电视、听外文广播、看外文电影等，这些先进的工具都为我们迅速掌握外语、记住大量词汇服务。此外，还可以利用一些名句、诗句来帮助我们记单词。如：No smoke without fire．无风不起浪。A friend in need is afriend in deed．患难见真情。He laugh s bes t who laughs last．事未到头先勿得意。where there is a will，three is a way．有志者事竟成。� 


总之，在单词的学习中，要依靠多种方法，多种方法在不同情况下交替使用，才能收到意想不到的效果，巧妙地把单词放在词组或句子里进行讲解，使学生更好地掌握单词的概念，才能真正做到会读、会写、会用。这样学生学起来就会容易、有趣、充满信心，不知不觉地掌握了单词。这种巧妙的方法不妨试试吧!

4. 英语书面表达

When I was little, I always carried heavy books to school. But now I only need to bring an electronic device and a memory stick to class. When I was little, I always dreamt of having my own computer. But now I possess a laptop. Technology develops so quickly that it changes our living pattern within just decades. The ultimate goal of the development is to simplify our life. And in my view,technology attains that goal.


Advance in technology boosts efficiency in our daily work. Due to a limitation on technology, we at times consumed much energy on matters that were supposed to be solved quickly. Worse still, even though we were exhausted, the result was not the ideal one. Such experience occurred frequently in transmitting knowledge. In the past,concrete chemical definitions were hardly explained clearly by teacher for lack of usable equipment. The teacher has no other tool excect the textbook. Nowadays,new teaching equipment helps the process of teaching. By conducting a random controlled experiment or watching a video, students easily absorb knowledge about a particular phenomenon. Both teachers and students are appreciated the development of teaching facilities.


Apart from those blessings, technological changes improve our life quality. Faced with countable methods to relax, sometimes we found it difficult for us tomaintain a good mood. But the appearance of new techniques can easily bring welfares to us directly and indirectly. Take me for an example. My parents used to live inthe countryside. Studing in a city means I have few opportunities to accompanymy parents. The improvement in vehicles changed that situation. Owing to new subway, I could arrive in school in thirty minutes. Enjoying delicious meals and chatting latest news with my parents relieves my stress and contributes to build a solid relationship. Such benefit is just the slightly aspect of advantages brought from scientific advancement.


As a matter of fact, we can not deny that technology indeed causes some problems including environment pollution and energy consumption. However, as time goes by, those problems can be solved by the emerging of new techniques eventually. In face of the shortage of oil, we will search for new energy resources. The nations around the world are in cooperation on energy study. New energy resources, like wind energy, is able to fulfill our demand. The problem produced by previous technological changes can be solved by the contemporary method, which means certain worry only reflects our concern now and will disappear in the future.  


Baseon the discussion above, we can safely draw the conclusion that technology designed to make us life simpler actually makes our life more simply.

5. 用英语帮我回答这些问题，高分求助

Chinese medicine is better.Traditional Chinese medicine,also known as TCM ,includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. 
TCM theory originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, etcChinese medicine, like many other Chinese sciences, defines data on the basis of the inductive and synthetic mode of cognition. Inductivity corresponds to a logical link between two effective positions existing at the same time in different places in space. (Conversely, causality is the logical link between two effective positions given at different times at the same place in space.) In other words, effects based on positions that are separate in space yet simultaneous in time are mutually inductive and thus are called inductive effects. In Western science prior to the development of electrodynamics and nuclear physics (which are founded essentially on inductivity), the inductive nexus was limited to subordinate uses in protosciences such as astrology. Now Western man, as a consequence of two thousand years of intellectual tradition, persists in the habit of making causal connections first and inductive links, if at all, only as an afterthought. This habit must still be considered the biggest obstacle to an adequate appreciation of Chinese science in general and Chinese medicine in particular. Given such different cognitive bases, many of the apparent similarities between traditional Chinese and European science which attract the attention of positivists turn out to be spurious.


The following methods are considered to be part of Chinese medicine:

Acupuncture(针灸/针灸) (from the Latin word acus, "needle", and pungere, meaning "prick") is a technique in which the practitioner inserts fine needles into specific points on the patient's body. Usually about a dozen acupoints are needled in one session, although the number of needles used may range anywhere from just one or two to 20 or more. The intended effect is to increase circulation and balance energy (Qi) within the body. 
Auriculotherapy (耳灼疗法/耳烛疗法), which comes under the heading of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. 
Chinese food therapy (食疗/食疗): Dietary recommendations are usually made according to the patient's individual condition in relation to TCM theory. The "five flavors" (an important aspect of Chinese herbalism as well) indicate what function various types of food play in the body. A balanced diet, which leads to health, is when the five functional flavors are in balance. When one is diseased (and therefore unbalanced), certain foods and herbs are prescribed to restore balance to the body. 
Chinese herbal medicine (中草药/中药/中药): In China, herbal medicine is considered as the primary therapeutic modality of internal medicine. Of the approximately 500 Chinese herbs that are in use today, 250 or so are very commonly used.[citation needed] Rather than being prescribed individually, single herbs are combined into formulas that are designed to adapt to the specific needs of individual patients. A herbal formula can contain anywhere from 3 to 25 herbs. As with diet therapy, each herb has one or more of the five flavors/functions and one of five "temperatures" ("Qi") (hot, warm, neutral, cool, cold). After the herbalist determines the energetic temperature and functional state of the patient's body, he or she prescribes a mixture of herbs tailored to balance disharmony. One classic example of Chinese herbal medicine is the use of various mushrooms, like reishi and shiitake, which are currently under intense study by ethnobotanists and medical researchers for immune system enhancement. 
Cupping (拔罐): A type of Chinese massage, cupping consists of placing several glass "cups" (open spheres) on the body. A match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin. As the air in the cup is heated, it expands, and after placing in the skin, cools down, creating a lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin via suction. When combined with massage oil, the cups can be slid around the back, offering what some practitioners think of as a reverse-pressure massage. 
Die-da or Tieh Ta (跌打) is usually practiced by martial artists who know aspects of Chinese medicine that apply to the treatment of trauma and injuries such as bone fractures, sprains, and bruises. Some of these specialists may also use or recommend other disciplines of Chinese medical therapies (or Western medicine in modern times) if serious injury is involved. Such practice of bone-setting (整骨) is not common in the West. 
Gua Sha (刮痧) 
Moxibustion: "Moxa," often used in conjunction with acupuncture, consists in burning of dried Chinese mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) on acupoints. "Direct Moxa" involves the pinching of clumps of the herb into cones that are placed on acupoints and lit until warm. Typically the burning cone is removed before burning the skin and is thought, after repeated use, to warm the body and increase circulation. Moxa can also be rolled into a cigar-shaped tube, lit, and held over an acupuncture point, or rolled into a ball and stuck onto the back end of an inserted needle for warming effect. 
Physical Qigong exercises such as Tai chi chuan (Taijiquan 太极拳/太极拳), Standing Meditation (站桩功), Yoga, Brocade BaDuanJin exercises (八段锦/八段锦) and other Chinese martial arts. 
Qigong (气功/气功) and related breathing and meditation exercise. 
Tui na (推拿) massage: a form of massage akin to acupressure (from which shiatsu evolved). Oriental massage is typically administered with the patient fully clothed, without the application of grease or oils. Choreography often involves thumb presses, rubbing, percussion, and stretches. 
Some TCM doctors may also utilize esoteric methods that incorporate or reflect personal beliefs or specializations such as Fengshui (风水/风水) or Bazi (八字). 


ER:emergency room              A&E:accident & emergency department

a hospital or primary care department that provides initial treatment to patients with a broad spectrum of illnesses and injuries, some of which may be life-threatening and requiring immediate attention. 

reasons:1.Cardiac arrest
Cardiac arrest may occur in the ED/A&E or a patient may be transported by ambulance to the emergency department already in this state. Treatment is basic and advanced life support as taught in the Advanced Life Support and Advanced Cardiac Life Support courses. This is an immediately life-threatening condition which requires immediate action in salvageable cases.


 2.Heart attack
See main article: Myocardial infarction 
Patients arriving to the emergency department with a myocardial infarction (heart attack) are likely to be triaged to the resuscitation area. They will receive oxygen and monitoring and have an early ECG; aspirin will be given if not contraindicated or not already administered by the ambulance team; morphine or diamorphine will be given for pain; sublingual (under the tongue) or buccal (between cheek and upper gum) glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) (GTN or NTG) will be given, unless contraindicated by the presence of other drugs, such as drugs that treat erectile disfunction.

An ECG that reveals ST segment elevation or new left bundle branch block suggests complete blockage of one of the main coronary arteries. These patients require immediate reperfusion (re-opening) of the occluded vessel. This can be achieved in two ways: thrombolysis (clot-busting medication) or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Both of these are effective in reducing significantly the mortality of myocardial infarction. Many centers are now moving to the use of PTCA as it is somewhat more effective than thrombolysis if it can be administered early. This may involve transfer to a nearby facility with facilities for angioplasty.


3. Trauma
Main article: Physical trauma
Major trauma, the term for patients with multiple injuries, often from a road traffic accident or a fall, is treated by a trauma team who have been trained using the principles taught in the internationally recognized Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) course of the American College of Surgeons. Some other international training bodies have started to run similar courses based on the same principles.

The services that are provided in an emergency department can range from simple x-rays and the setting of broken bones to those of a full-scale trauma center. A patient's chance of survival is greatly improved if the patient receives definitive treatment (i.e. surgery or reperfusion) within one hour of an accident (such as a car accident) or onset of acute illness (such as a heart attack). This critical time frame is commonly known as the "golden hour."

Some emergency departments in smaller hospitals are located near a helipad which is used by helicopters to transport a patient to a trauma center. This inter-hospital transfer is often done when a patient requires advanced medical care unavailable at the local facility. In such cases the emergency department can only stabilize the patient for transport.


4. Mental Illness
Some patients arrive at an emergency department for a complaint of mental illness. In many jurisdictions (including many U.S. states), patients who appear to be mentally ill and to present a danger to themselves or others may be brought against their will to an emergency department by law enforcement officers for psychiatric examination. From the emergency department, patients thought to be mentally ill may be transferred to a psychiatric unit (in many cases involuntarily).


 5.Asthma and COPD
Acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases, mainly asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are assessed as emergencies and treated with oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, steroids or theophylline, have an urgent chest X-ray and arterial blood gases and are referred for intensive care if necessary. Non invasive ventilation in the ED has reduced the requirement for intubation in many cases of severe exacerbations of COPD.


say....say Hi ?

Patient experience
Patients arrive at emergency departments in two main ways: by ambulance or independently. The ambulance crew notifies the hospital beforehand of the patient's condition and begins Basic Life Support or Advanced Life Support measures as dictated by regional and state protocols.[9] Depending on the patient's condition, the Emergency Medical Technician or Paramedic[10] may consult with the emergency department physician (considered online medical control in many areas), who may direct the ambulance crew to begin specific interventions while still en route that are not considered standing protocols in their scope of practice. Upon arrival at the hospital, the patient can be delivered to the emergency department's resuscitation area or consultation room (which is hospital dependent and different based on geographical location), where he or she is met by a team with the expertise to deal with the condition.[11] For example, patients with major trauma are seen by a trauma team consisting of emergency physicians, nurses, paramedics, a surgeon, and an anesthesiologist. If the patient is suffering from minor complaints, 1 registered nurse (RN) may be sufficient in triaging and registering the patient for the emergency room physicians to evaluate the patient.

Patients arriving independently or by ambulance are typically triaged by a nurse with training in emergency medicine. Patients are seen in order of medical urgency, not in order of arrival. Patients are triaged to the resuscitation area, majors area, or minors area. Emergency/Accident and Emergency departments usually have one entrance with a lobby and a waiting room for patients with less-urgent conditions, and another entrance reserved for ambulances.

6. 跪求好心人帮我翻译下面一段文字,急用,谢谢

Abstract1： Domesticating translation and foreignizing translation are two 
different translation strategies. The former refers to the translation 
strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize 
the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers, while 
the latter designates the type of translation in which a target text deliberately 
breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreigness of the 
original. But what is the translation practice like in China? Do translators 
tend to use foreignizing methods or domesticating ones? What are the factors 
that affect their decision making? This paper tries to find answers to 
the questions by looking into the translation of English metaphors into 
Chinese. 

Key words: domesticating translation; foreignizing translation; metaphor; 
target 

language reader 



1. Introduction 

"Domesticating translation" and "foreignizing translation" are the terms 
coined by L. Venuti (1995) to describe the two different translation strategies. 
The former refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent 
style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text 
for target language readers, while the latter designates the type of translation 
in which a target text "deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining 
something of the foreigness of the original" (Shuttleworth &Cowie, 1997:59). 




The roots of the terms can be traced back to the German philosopher Schleiermacher’s 
argument that there are only two different methods of translation, " either 
the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves 
the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, 
and moves the author towards him" (Venuti, 1995: 19-20). 



The terms "foreignization" and "domestication" may be new to the Chinese, 
but the concepts they carry have been at least for a century at the heart 
of most translation controversies. Lu Xun (鲁迅) once said that "before 
translating, the translator has to make a decision : either to adapt the 
original text or to retain as much as possible the foreign flavour of the 
original text" (Xu, in Luo, 1984: 315). 

But what is the translation practice like in China? Recently I have read 
two articles which show completely conflicting views on this question. 
In his article entitled "Chinese and Western Thinking On Translation", 
A. Lefevere makes a generalization based on his comparison of Chinese and 
Western thinking on translation, 



When Chinese translates texts produced by Others outside its boundaries, 
it translates these texts in order to replace them, pure and simple. The 
translations 

take the place of the original. They function as the original in the culture 
to the extent 

that the original disappear behind the translations. (Bassnett & Lefevere, 
1998:14) 



However, Fung and Kiu have drawn quite different conclusions from their 
investigation of metaphor translation between English and Chinese, 



Our comparison of the two sets of data showed that in the case of the English 
metaphor 

the image often than not retained, whereas with the Chinese metaphors, 
substitution is 

frequently used. [...] One reason perhaps is that the Chinese audience 
are more familiar with 

and receptive to Western culture than the average English readers is to 
Chinese culture. (Fung, 1995) 



The above conflicting views aroused my interest in finding out whether 
the Chinese tend to domesticate or to foreignize when they translate a 
foreign text. In what follows I shall not compare translation by Western 
and Chinese translators, but rather look into the translation of English 
metaphors into Chinese. 



2. What is Metaphor? 

The Random House Unabridged Dictionary (second addition) defines metaphor 
as "a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to something 
to which it is not literally applicable in order to suggest a resemblance." 
While according to BBC English Dictionary, "metaphor is a way of describing 
something by saying that it is something else which has the qualities that 
you are trying to describe." 

Peter Newmark defines metaphor as "any figurative expression: the transferred 
sense of a physical word; the personification of an abstraction; the application 
of a word or collocation to what it does not literally denote, i.e., to 
describe one thing in terms of another. [...] Metaphors may be ’single’ 
-- viz. one-word -- or ’extended’ (a collocation, an idiom, a sentence, 
a proverb, an allegory, a complete imaginative text" (1988b:104). 

Snell-Hornby rejects Newmark’s concept of the "one-word metaphor" in favour 
of Weinrich’s definition that "metaphor is text" (1988:56). She believes 
that a metaphor is a complex of (at least) three dimensions (object, image 
and sense), reflecting the tension between resemblance and 

disparity" (1988: 56-57). 

This paper will follow the idea that "metaphor is text" which includes 
an idiom, a sentence, a proverb and an allegory. 



3. What has been said about the translation of metaphor? 

"In contrast to the voluminous literature on metaphor in the field of literary 
criticism and rhetoric, the translation of metaphor has been largely neglected 
by translation theorists" (Fung, 1995). In his article "Can metaphor be 
translatable?", which is regarded as an initial discussion of the subject, 
Dagut says, 



"What determines the translatability of a source language metaphor is not 
its ’boldness’ or ’originality’, but rather the extent to which the cultural 
experience and semantic 

associations on which it draws are shared by speakers of the particular 
target language" 

(1976). 



Snell-Hornby takes metaphor translation in the light of the integrated 
approach. She says that 

The sense of the metaphor is frequently culture-specific, [...] Whether 
a metaphor is 

’translatable’ (i.e. whether a literal translation could recreate identical 
dimensions), how 

difficult it is to translate, how it can be translated and whether it should 
be translated at all 

cannot be decided by a set of abstract rules, but must depend on the structure 
and function of 

the particular metaphor within the text concerned ". (1988: 56-9) 



van den Broeck conceives the treatment of metaphors as a functional relevancy 
to the communicative situation (1981). Mary Fung also considers translating 
metaphor as a communicative event which is both interlingual and intercultural 
(1995). 

Different from the semantic, cultural and functional perspectives mentioned 
above, Newmark holds a more pragmatic approach. Drawing on his practical 
experience, he proposes several procedures for translating metaphor: (1) 
Reproducing the same image in the target language; (2) 

Replacing the SL image with another established TL image; (3) Replacing 
the metaphor by simile; (4) Retaining the metaphor and adding the sense; 
(5) Converting the metaphor to sense; (6) Omitting the metaphor if it is 
redundant. 

Discussions of the subject, especially those written in Chinese, are also 
pragmatic rather than theoretical. In E-C Translation Coursebook (1980 
) which is the most widely used translation textbook in China, Zhang Peiji 
) and his co-compilers summarized three popular methods for translating 
metaphors: (1) Literal translation (similar to Newmark’s first procedure); 
(2) Replacing the SL image with a standard TL image (similar to Newmark’s 
second procedure); (3) Converting the metaphor to sense (Same as Newmark’s 
fifth procedure). 

Based on the methods suggested by Zhang and his colleagues, Guo Zhuzhang 
) proposes five in A Practical Coursebook in Translation Between 
English and Chinese (1996, revised edition): (1) Literal translation plus 
explanation; (2) Literal translation plus meaning; (3) Adapting the metaphor; 
(4) Using Chinese couplets to render the English metaphor; (5) Replacing 
the SL image with a TL image. 更多论文，请访问http://www.icn.net.ru


4. How Are Metaphors Translated? 

The above methods, envisaged as guidelines for the translation students 
as well as the practical translators, are quite exhaustive of rendering 
the metaphor. Which of the methods of translation are actually domesticating 
and which ones foreignizing? In the following section I will cite some 
examples of metaphor translation from two translation textbooks, two dictionaries 
and two articles as the source for the analysis.

7. 专业英语翻译，求高手帮翻译。拒绝机翻。

已经给你翻好了


The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tools itself but largely upon the user. 
标准化的教育测试或者心理测试被广泛应用于对学生，雇员，军队人员的挑选，分类，调配以及提升，这种测试已成为最近各种书记，杂志，日报抨击的目标，甚至连国会都对其进行抨击。选择这个目标是错误的，因为在抨击测试时，评论家没有把注意力从知之甚少或者是能力较差的测试使用者上移开。测试本身只是在特定情况下可以进行合理精确度特性的工具。至于结果是否有价值，是否有意义，甚至是否会误导他人不完全取决于工具本身，而很大部分是取决于使用者。 
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. 
所有被揭开的对未来表现的预测都是基于对过去相关表现的了解：在校成绩，科研成果，销售记录或者任何适当的一切。预测被未来表现证实的如何取决于使用资料的数量，可靠性，和实用性以及解读这些预测的技巧和学识。任何一个保持谨慎态度的人都知道可用的资料资料永远是不完整的，预言也经常是倾向于错误的。Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information, Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 
标准化测试应当在一定背景被考虑使用。测试为获得一个人曾经学过的知识，技能，和为人的一些信息提供了一个快速客观的方法。这些已获得的信息，质量上，和其他信息一样有优点和缺点，由此得出，是否使用测试，还是其他信息，或者在特定形式下两者都要，取决于有关相对的有效性的经验或者一些有代价或者实用性的因素。 

In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effective when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 
一般来说, 当将要被衡量的素质能够最精确地被界定时，测试能最有效地发挥效果，反之，被衡量或者被预测的素质不能被很好的界定，测试将没有多少效果的。适当的使用测试，能够快速地获得一些人的类似信息。有时后，测试能识别出那些没有被认出来的有巨大潜力的学生，但是也有很多它们无法做到的事情。比如，测试不能弥补显而易见的社会不平等，从而无法表明一个下层社会的青年如果在更好的条件下长大该有怎样的有才干。

8. tpo疑问讨论

architecture

我觉得第五段的大意是说，modern architectural forms generally resemble the body of human beings，of course属于一个隐形转折，暗示说Early architecture 和人类的body不像。

第八题问的是：the relationship between the human body and architecture， 按照正常逻辑，首先想到两者的关系是：现在的建筑形式整体上和人体很像，而过去的建筑风格不像。

第一个选项说得很局部，题干中correctly表示恰当的，准确的，显然D更恰当一些。